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References

Every number on this site comes from one of these

Listed so you can check them. Where a claim is contested, both sides are here. Every arXiv identifier below was resolved against arXiv on 4 October 2026.

Foundation models and methods

  1. NVIDIA. GR00T N1: An Open Foundation Model for Generalist Humanoid Robots (2025). Synthetic data pipeline, DexMimicGen, 540k demonstrations. arxiv.org/abs/2503.14734
  2. NVIDIA GEAR Lab. GR00T N1.5 (June 2025) and N1.6 (December 2025). research.nvidia.com/labs/gear/gr00t-n1_5
  3. Figure AI. Helix: A Vision-Language-Action Model for Generalist Humanoid Control. figure.ai/news/helix
  4. Google DeepMind. Gemini Robotics: Bringing AI into the Physical World (2025). arxiv.org/abs/2503.20020; and Gemini Robotics 2 brings whole-body intelligence to robots (July 2026). deepmind.google
  5. Physical Intelligence. π0.5 (2025). arxiv.org/abs/2504.16054
  6. Physical Intelligence. π0.7: a Steerable Generalist Robotic Foundation Model with Emergent Capabilities (submitted 16 April 2026, revised 24 April 2026). arxiv.org/abs/2604.15483
  7. 1X Technologies. 1X World Model. 1x.tech
  8. Boston Dynamics. Large Behavior Models: Atlas finds new footing. bostondynamics.com
  9. Sunday Robotics. ACT-1: A Robot Foundation Model Trained on Zero Robot Data. sunday.ai
  10. Xiaomi Robotics Team. Xiaomi-Robotics-1: Scaling Vision-Language-Action Models with over 100K Hours of Real-World Trajectories (submitted 16 July 2026). Source of the 100,000-hour figure; trajectories collected via UMI devices. arxiv.org/abs/2607.15330
  11. NVIDIA. NVIDIA and Global Robotics Leaders Take Physical AI to the Real World (2026). GR00T N1.7 early access and commercial licensing, its named adopters, and the GR00T N2 preview, its DreamZero world-action framework and its MolmoSpaces / RoboArena ranking. nvidianews.nvidia.com
  12. Toward Certified Functional Safety for Industrial Humanoid Robots: The Fail-Passive Gap and a Feasibility Study (2026). Source of the fail-passive argument and the Stop Category 0 / ISO 13849-1 framing. arxiv.org/abs/2608.02809
  13. ISO 10218-1:2025 and ISO 10218-2:2025 (industrial robots and robot applications), with the collaborative force limits formerly in ISO/TS 15066 folded into part 2; ISO 12100 for risk assessment, IEC 61508 for functional safety, and ISO/CD 25785-1 in draft for dynamically stable robots. standards, cited not quoted
  14. The Robot Report. Vision-language-action models are the next leap in autonomous robotics (Feb 2026). therobotreport.com

Training data and teleoperation

  1. Shaip. Robot Training Data Strategy: Teleoperation vs Simulation vs Human Video (2026). Source of the 5–50 episodes per operator-hour figure and the layered-stack framing. shaip.com
  2. Labellerr. 7 Top Teleoperation Service Providers for Robotics in 2026. 72-DoF capture, tactile teleoperation, Sanctuary AI’s 24-hour task learning. labellerr.com
  3. PatSnap Eureka. Humanoid Robot Dexterous Manipulation: 2026 Patent & Research Landscape. Boston Dynamics and Baker Hughes XR-teleoperation patents. patsnap.com
  4. HumanoidUMI: Bridging Robot-Free Demonstrations and Humanoid Whole-Body Manipulation (2026). arxiv.org/abs/2605.03452 cite this version
    A later duplicate submission, arXiv:2606.27239, was withdrawn by the authors as a mistaken replacement. Link the 2605 identifier, not the 2606 one.
  5. OmniClone: Engineering a Robust, All-Rounder Whole-Body Humanoid Teleoperation System (2026). High-fidelity multi-skill teleoperation on a single consumer GPU. arxiv.org/abs/2603.14327
  6. ExtremControl: Low-Latency Humanoid Teleoperation with Direct Extremity Control (2026). Reports end-to-end latency as low as 50 ms. arxiv.org/abs/2602.11321

Deployments and market

  1. Tesla. Q4 2025 earnings call transcript, 28 January 2026. Source of the Musk quotation on the Factory floor page. fool.com; contemporaneous reporting at electrek.co
  2. Humanoid Guide. BMW deploys Figure 03 humanoid for Spartanburg logistics (2026). Figure 03 sequencing task; Leipzig European pilot. humanoid.guide
  3. Humanoid Guide. Humanoid deployments in 2026 favor Figure and Agility (July 2026). humanoid.guide
  4. IndustrialSage. BMW’s Humanoid Robots Complete 11 Months at Spartanburg: What Actually Happened (2026). Source of the 30,000 vehicles, 99% placement accuracy, 84-second cycle time and 1,250 operational hours. industrialsage.com
  5. Presenc.ai. Humanoid Robot Market Tracker 2026. Mid-2026 global fleet estimate. contested Its Tesla unit figures are not confirmed by Tesla; see reference 18. presenc.ai
  6. Future Markets Inc. The Global Humanoid Robots Market 2026–2036. Agility RoboFab capacity. futuremarketsinc.com
  7. Goldman Sachs humanoid market estimate ($38B by 2035) and Morgan Stanley ($152B by 2040), as cited in industry summaries (2026). secondary
  8. Electronics For You. Humanoid Robot Begins Training For Industrial Factory Deployment (2026). Schaeffler and Hexagon’s AEON, the Humanoid Gym in Germany, the three-stage train/validate/deploy model and the 1,000-unit target. tasks and timeline undisclosed electronicsforu.com
  9. Humanoid Press. News Archives: the 2026 task pattern (tote moves, sheet-metal loading, parts sequencing). humanoid.press

Last reviewed 4 October 2026. Corrections are the most useful message you can send; see About.